Summary Use a large flat wall to show how echolocation works, or to calculate the speed of sound. Science content Biology: Sensing, Organ Systems (4, 5, 6) Physics: Light and Sound (1) Lessons activity is in Sound activities outdoors Animal senses Sound Materials large flat wall outside, with space in front of it 30m or more e.g. gym wall of a school (it’s OK if there are windows in it) tape measure optional: wooden blocks paper, pen calculator and stop watch e.g. on a phone Procedure Gather 30m or further from a flat wall, and demonstrate by a single loud clap, or one bang of the wooden blocks together, that there is an echo. The sound of the clap/blocks, reaches the wall and bounces back to us, so that there is a delay between the initial sound made and the sound heard after it bounces off the wall. Discussion on echolocation: Some animals (e.g. bat) are able to use the echo to measure how far away prey is, as well as the size and shape of objects to navigate in a dark cave. Some blind people use echolocation, by clicking their tongues and listening for the echo back to find out where objects are (just like bats or marine animals). Some blind people can so precisely tell where objects are using echolocation that they can use this method for mountain biking or basketball! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHYCs8xtzUI Experts in blind echolocation can even listen to a recording of tongue clicks echoing, and state what objects were there when the recording was made! To measure the speed of sound: By timing how long the delay is and measuring how far away the wall is, we can measure how fast sound travels. This works best with a longer distance of 40 or 50m from the wall. Show students how long a metre is using the tape measure, then ask them to see how long their stride must be to measure a metre. Once their stride is calibrated to a meter, ask them to pace out the number of strides (or metres) to the wall. Write down this number [52m and 58m for two of our students]. Double the number to find out how far the sound must travel to the wall and back [110m for us]. Meanwhile, another student needs to bang the wood blocks together so that the echo from the first bang coincides with the echo from the second bang. Ask them to keep banging the wood at this rate, so each bang coincides with the echo from the previous bang. The time between the bangs is the time it takes the sound to travel to the wall and back. To be somewhat accurate in how long it takes the sound to travel the distance, ask the student to keep banging the blocks together at the same rate, while another students times 10 bangs of the blocks. [Our students measured 3.42 seconds for 10 bangs.] Divide this number by 10 to find the time for one bang i.e. the time for sound to travel to the wall and back [0.342 seconds for us]. Now do some math: if the sound travels x metres to the wall and back, and takes y seconds, the sound is travelling at x/y metres in one second - this is the calculated speed of sound. [We calculated 110/0.342 = 321.6 metres per second, approximated to 320m/sec.] The actual speed of sound in air is 343m/sec, so this method is not bad for calculating the speed of sound. Grades taught Gr 1 Gr 4 Gr 5
