ingridscience

Do a selection of the activities.

Baking soda and vinegar is a familiar reaction which can be modelled with molecule models.
Set off a rocket with the same chemical reaction.
Make a soda drink with the same chemical reaction, this time between the sour(ish) orange juice and baking powder.

Make popcorn, understand the changes in state of the water molecules.
Act out the molecules in making popcorn.

Burn a candle, model the chemical reaction of combustion with molecule models.
Use to discuss the burning of fossil fuels putting CO2 into the air.

Use molecular modelling free play to fill any time.

All living things have life cycles.
Animals grow from an egg, through young stages (with different names), to an adult. (Draw out)
The adult makes eggs which grow and start the cycle again.
Some animals, like humans, look basically the same from young that grows from the egg until adult. The same body parts are in the body all the way through.
(Also fish, birds, reptiles, with some exceptions.)
Other animals look quite different at different stages of growth - the body parts change a lot.
They go through a process called Metamorphosis (write). Meta = change. Morph = form.
Animals that metamorphose look completely different in the young and adult stages.
At the time of metamorphosis, some parts of the body are assimilated back into the body, to provide
Some insects have partial (incomplete) metamorphosis when a nymph hatches out of the egg. It has no pupa stage. The lymph is like an adult but missing body parts e.g. wings the energy to make new body parts.
More than 80% of all animal species undergo metamorphosis.

More detail:
Some insects have partial (incomplete) metamorphosis when a nymph hatches out of the egg. It has no pupa stage. The lymph is like an adult but missing body parts e.g. wings

Animal life cycle cards

Wasp nest and barnacles
On the desks are real specimens
Draw what you see at each

Look at images of camouflaged insects e.g. https://www.bbcearth.com/news/8-creatures-that-are-masters-of-disguise and https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/heres-looking-at-poo-the-weird-and-…
At many of the stages of an insect life cycle they are vulnerable to predators.
Look at how these insects have camouflaged themselves to hide from predators or scare them off. (They look like plants, large eyes and even bird poop!)

Wrap:
We looked at animals that go through metamorphosis.
The reason for spending all this energy on reorganizing the body?
The young and adult stages do not compete for resources.
The young and adult have different predators, enhancing overall survival.
Some animals time metamorphosis to when conditions are best for the next stage.
The different stages can evolve independently to specialize for their jobs e.g. adult evolves to be efficient at making eggs and dispersing them, while the young is all about feeding and growing quickly.

Divide the students into three groups, and have them rotate through three stations,
1. Bird nest study - look closely at different nests
2. Feather study - look closely at feathers (of different kinds if possible)
3. Flight and wing shape - fly paper airplanes and modify them to understand how wing shape determines the flight of birds

Review the stations.
Discuss how birds fly (a novel concept to us): Bird push air to make them move. Air seems like nothing to us as we are heavy. Push air into your face - feel the particles that make it up.
Watch slow motion of birds flying https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qThIyj1mLfs.
During eagle flapping: when a light bird pushes against air particles, they are small enough that the push makes them move.
During humming bird: complex wing beats allows some bird to hover.
During herons: the shape of birds' wings are different on the downstroke and upstroke.
During seagulls: they adjust their wing and tail feathers to change their flight direction. Depending on the wing shape, and which way they push, they make amazing manouvers in the air.

Wrap:
Birds are living dinosaurs. What we understand as dinosaurs are actually the first birds.
Not all of the dinosaurian close relatives of birds could fly, but those that could flew in a range of different ways, suggesting early evolutionary experiments of flight, with birds being the most successful of those experiments.
(from https://www.birdlife.org/news/2021/12/21/its-official-birds-are-literal….)

Students free play with electric circuits to light bulbs and understand the flow of electricity in a loop.
Demonstrate that electric current generates a magnetic field with an electromagnet demonstration.
Show a hand wound motor: that an electromagnet can be arranged so that it spins!
Add motors to students circuits and allow more free play.

Half the students move through magnet stations:
1. Magnets through materials 2. Dancing magnets 3. Magnetic force field patterns.

Half the students do a water resistance activity: racing shapes through water.

Then switch the student groups.
(The multiple short magnet activities should match the time needed to do the longer water resistance activity.)

End with a demonstration of air resistance.

Discussion of the different kinds of forces:

Magnetic force can act through materials and acts at a distance (it does not need to touch the material/magnet to push/pull it) - it is a non-contact force.

Water resistance is the slowing force on an object as it moves through water, as the water pushes against it. We build boats with a shape that reduces water resistance, to go faster and reduce energy - they are 'streamlined'. Fish have different shapes that match their need to move through water: the fast-moving ones are long and thin (streamlined), whereas those that don't need to go fast are flatter or rounder.

Air resistance is a slowing force on an object moving through air. Like water resistance, it is a contact force. We build planes with a streamlined shape to reduce air resistance. A parachute is very wide, to maximize air resistance and to slow the parachutist down.

Water and air resistance are both also called 'drag'.

Make four stations with the activities, for students to rotate through.
They learn about different (marvelous) insect adaptations which help them survive.

1. Insect eye lens with paper and markers, to help understand how an insect eye works. The image through the lens is not what the insect actually sees, as the multiple views are combined in the insect's brain to make one image. See the activity for more information.

2. UV flower pattern cards to find out the extra patterns on flowers, only seen by animals that can see UV light (not humans). These patterns guide a bee to the centre of a flower, where the nectar is. The patterns are also called 'nectar guides'.

3. Wasp nest study to marvel at the architecture and beauty of a wasp nest and how the wasp babies are raised

4. Pictures of camouflage in insects for students to look through.
Some insects are camouflaged to look like leaves (dead or green), moss or flowers. This camouflage helps insects to hide from predators that
See amazing camouflage in these links:
https://www.treehugger.com/amazing-examples-of-insect-camouflage-4869256
would eat them. It also helps predator insects (e.g. praying mantis) hide, so that their prey might unkowingly come nearer to them.
Some insects have a camouflage pattern that looks like large eyes of a much larger animal. Their predators then stay away from them.
See images in this link:
https://www.amazingnature-nancygoor.com/eyespots.html
Some insects are camouflaged to look like bird poop! Their predators then do not try and eat them.
See bird poop camouflage in these links:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150616-caterpillar-p…
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/these-adaptations-gi…
https://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2021/8/9/bird-droppings-nope-clever-moths…

97% of all animals are invertebrates (19 out of 20).
See tree of life at https://opening.download/spring-2021.html (vertebrates are part of chordates)

Look at the real invertebrate animals at four stations.
Draw them.

How do they eat, do you think? How might they defend themselves, do you think?

Summarize and look at on tree of life:
Worm eats with mouth. Defends by moving away (makes slime to help move through the soil).
Daphnia eats with mouth. Defends by moving away.
Barnacles eat with their cirri (modified legs) by sieving. Defends with shell.
Freshwater shrimp eats with mouth. Defends by moving away and with exoskeleton.
Wood bugs eat with mouth. Defends by moving away, with exoskeleton, and by camouflage.

How they are related:
Worms least related to the rest, then
Daphnia (pond organism) least related to the rest, then
Barnacles least related to the last two
Freshwater shrimp (pond organism) most related to wood bugs

Information about animal evolution:
Of animal phyla making it onto land, Annelids and Molluscs need a moist environment, whereas Arthropods and Vertebrates can live on dry land.

Info about Vertebrates:
Bones evolved with increasing size and more active foraging for food.
Cephalized (with neural and sensory (navigation) equipment concentrated in the head as the brain, protected by the skull). 
Vertebral column and attached muscles allow for more active swimming and foraging.
Ribs attach more muscles and protect organs.
As an endoskeleton, it can grow with the animal (unlike exoskeletons).
Increased metabolism supports more movement.

Look at map of regions of the world (called Biomes).
Try https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/resources/articles/bi… (from this article - https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/biomes) then https://cdn.britannica.com/38/102938-050-6B5388D9/distribution-biomes.j… for terrestrial (Earth, not water) biomes.
Our planet has distinct regions with their own climate - temperature, rainfall, amount of sunlight.
"Climate is what you expect Weather is what you get"
Temperate forest biome includes us. We are rainforest as our rainfall is higher than 1.5m/year.

Sun's angle on Earth activity shows how the sun is a major influence on the temperatures and weather in each of the Biomes
Because the regions have different climates, the living things that can survive there are different.

Sitting in a circle, do the Food web model activity.

Salmon is a keystone species, important for the entire food web of the forest.
Do the activity to show molecule models to show nitrogen moving through the food web.

Additional info
Temperate rainforest soil is rich compared to tropical rain forest soil (salmon nitrogen, also colder and more acidity from coniferous needles, so decomposition is much slower, and more of the nutrients are found in the soil). Tropical growth so fast that every scrap of nutrient is used.

Saharan sand brings phosphorus to the tropical rainforest of South America! It is carried on winds high in the atmosphere across the Atlantic Ocean.